Current State of Black Maternal Health in the U.S.  

Cain MIller, C., Kliff, S., & Buchanan, L. Childbirth is deadlier for black families even when they’re rich, expansive study finds. New York Times. (2023, February 12). https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/02/12/upshot/child-maternal-mortality-rich-poor.html  

Hoyert, D. Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2023. (2025, February). National Center for Health Statistics. Health E-Stats. (2025). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2023/Estat-maternal-mortality.pdf   

Martin, N. & Montagne, R. Nothing protects Black women from dying in pregnancy and childbirth. ProPublica. (2017, December 7). https://www.propublica.org/article/nothing-protects-black-women-from-dying-in-pregnancy-and-childbirth  

The Mothers of Gynecology and Dr. J. Marion Sims 

Anarcha Lucy Betsey Monument. https://www.anarchalucybetsey.org

Owens, D. C. Medical bondage: Race, gender, and the origins of American gynecology. (University of Georgia Press, 2017). 

Vedantam, S., Penman, M., Schmidt, J., Boyle, T., Cohen, R., & Connolly, C., Remembering Anarcha, Lucy, and Betsey: The Mothers of Modern Gynecology, National Public Radio. (2017, February 17).  https://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/513764158/remembering-anarcha-lucy-and-betsey-the-mothers-of-modern-gynecology  

Domonoske, C. 'Father Of Gynecology,' Who Experimented On Slaves, No Longer On Pedestal In NYC  National Public Radio. (2018, February 18). https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/17/603163394/-father-of-gynecology-who-experimented-on-slaves-no-longer-on-pedestal-in-nyc  

Reproductive Justice 

Roberts, D. Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. (Vintage, 2014). 

Ross, L., Derkas, E., Peoples, W., Roberts, L., & Bridgewater, P. (Eds.). Radical reproductive justice: Foundation, theory, practice, critique. (Feminist Press at CUNY 2017). 

Ross, L., & Solinger, R. Reproductive justice: An introduction (Vol. 1). (Univ of California Press, 2017).